Citrus greening is the primary killer of citrus crop worldwide, caused by the bacteria family Liberibacter. A new species, L. capsica has been identified as genetically similar.

Dust carrying pathogens from all over the world land in the Sierra Mountains, and this issue is becoming more prominent as threats of drought increases.

Environmental stresses form reactive oxygen species in organisms and play a part in cell function, but higher doses in plants are lethal. Plants produce salicylic acid, a.k.a. aspirin, to protect chloroplasts.

Some studies have suggested e-cigarettes may be a healthier alternative to tobacco smoking, but a study lead by Prue Talbot shows epithelium gene expression does not revert to the same profile as non-smokers.